HOP 4, 2012, č. 1

[2012/1] Příběhy a symboly v soudobých dějinách

Vědecký redaktor čísla: Jan Randák
Důležité upozornění: Starší čísla časopisu HOP (včetně tohoto) nejsou k dispozici ve fulltextu. Po kliknutí na název se Vám zobrazí pouze abstrakt daného příspěvku.

I. Studie

Adam Hudek
Slovenská historiografia v procese konštruovania marxistickej verzie československých dejín v päťdesiatych rokoch 20. storočia

Abstract: In its initial phases, the post-war Slovak history resolutely rejected the two previous interpretations of the country?s history: the popular-nationalist one as well as the inter-war Czechoslovak one. Later, the debate on the future shape of Slovak historiography was profoundly influenced by the Communist coup in 1948, its main feature being the fact that it was not shaped by historians but by the party apparatus on the basis of the „contemporary political practice“.

The role of historians was limited to explaining history in order to align it with given ideological assumptions and political goals of the establishment. The effort to centralize the State put an abrupt end to the debate on national and political position of Slovaks in Czechoslovakia, which was also reflected in historiography.

The ideological struggle against the so-called bourgeois nationalism in the fifties led to a political pressure to link Czech and Slovak history as tightly as possible, which resulted in a re-interpretation of a whole number of crucial periods of Slovak history. In the framework of this process, however, certain issues became controversial between Slovak and Czech historians and disrupted the creation of the marxist version of the common Czechoslovak history.

Martina Poliaková
Co znamená „národní“? Národ heslem komunistické kulturní politiky

Abstract: In the post WWII period, there were several distinct ways of employing the term „nation“ in the everyday cultural and propaganda activities of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Although the definition of national identity was crucial at that time, the often stereotyped meanings of the word were employed in the entirely new post-war context and enriched with the experience of the First Republic, the Protectorate and the war. The article describes how given political strategies were shaped and promoted within the services of the Party. It also attempts to explain who were the key players and the crucial factors which influenced the positions of the Party and in what way they were eventually expressed. Most of these activities were organized and co-ordinated by the Department of culture, propaganda and ideology in the Central Committee of the Party and its commissions. Also, when uncovering the process of propaganda within the KSČ, it is of equal interest and importance to focus on the contents of the propaganda. How should the propagandist activity of that time be interpreted? What information did the Party give to its own members and to the general public? What did it consider as the right line and what arguments did the Party use to defend this line? The essay follows the changes in the building of national identity starting by the definition of nation in space and time through the interpretation of its position in the international context, up to its cultural and historical aspects. It also describes a gradual shift towards creating the „right model“ of behaviour, i.e. inner rules of legitimacy, within the nation itself.

Eva Palivodová
Obrazy nepřátel. Vnější nepřátelé v československé komunistické propagandě v letech 1948–1956

Abstract: The article deals with portrayals of enemies in Communist propaganda in Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1956. Creating pictures of enemy is a characteristic feature of human mind and plays an important role especially in forming group identity. In the second half of the 20th century, these in-born psychological mechanisms were further strengthened by the geopolitical division of the world into two blocks torn apart by political and economic tensions known as the Cold War.

Pictures of enemies became an integral part of the propaganda used by rivalling countries. The Czechoslovak propaganda distinguished between the so-called internal and external enemies. In depicting different types of enemies specific fixed attributes were used by the propaganda. Often a certain enemy had specific features and was depicted in a symbolic way, including in caricature. This article deals in detail with portrayals of specific external enemies, e.g. imperialism, Germany, emigrants and the Vatican in propaganda, especially in caricature of that time, the main source being the satirical magazine Dikobraz (i.e. Porcupine).

Jan Socha
Proměna příběhu aneb státní svátky, významné a památné dny v letech 1946–1990

Abstract:The article deals with changes in the legislation governing public holidays, seen as a tool of legitimizing political systems in Czechoslovakia between 1946 and 1990. The changes in the interpretation of the past which took place in that period following different social and political transformations allow for these interpretations to be used as a symbolic tool to give legitimacy to political power. A specific expression of such interpretations is the public holiday legislation. The text follows the development of public holiday law in the Communist era and in the period after November 1989 on the example of a legislative debate on the past. It also analyzes arguments for and against establishing or abolishing various national public holidays.

Michal Macháček
„Veľmi vehementne s celým srdcom, s celou dušou som sa do toho vrhol“. Gustáv Husák ve hře o Slovensko (1945–1948)

Abstract: The study aims at familiarizing the reader with the history of Czechoslovakia between 1945 and 1948, on the example of the Slovak communist politician Gustáv Husák, at the same time focusing on the formation of Czecho-Slovak relations. The first part of the text provides a detailed overview of Husak?s activity in the first half of 1945, when together with his comrades from the Slovak uprising he took the lead of the Communist party of Slovakia (KSS). Husák is being introduced as a key player on the political scene as well as a strong supporter of a federative set-up of Czechoslovakia, which he consistently defended in the political debate on the legal status of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia. The text also shows that behind Husák?s subsequent political descent, there was the disapproving attitude of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) towards the autonomous line of KSS as well as personal hostilities among Communist officials themselves.

The second part of the article deals with Husák?s role in the fight against the Democratic party and during the establishment of the Communist monopole. In this regard, his most remarkable step consists in a radical change of view of the future organization of the State, when he pragmatically supported centralization, giving up on the federative solution to the Slovak question. The text also wants to contribute to the study of post-war developement of relations within KSS and between KSS and KSČ.

Kamil Činátl
Dějiny v zrcadle dějepisu: dobové dějepisné učebnice jako školní pramen

Abstract: The study attempts to analyze the current practice of history teaching at Czech schools, taking into account the reform of the curricula and its evaluation. It tries to shed light on the reasons for frequent conflicts between teaching theory and its practical implementation at school, focusing mainly on the relationship between historiography and history as a school subject. Most Czech historians have in fact very little awareness of modern didactic principles, such as using multiperspective in history teaching, neither do they participate in their implementation in schoolwork. While historians are ready to hand over information to history teachers, they do not pay much attention to the cognitive processes themselves and, in comparison with their colleagues from Western Europe or North America, they do not take part in the writing of texts or preparing other teaching materials with a primarily teaching purpose. If anything, they are willing to draw up summaries of facts which the students should memorize and which most often lack any connection to other dimensions of the educational process (in the sense of Bloom?s taxonomy of teaching goals).

Based on the above considerations, the study suggests a typical cognitive situation, which, on the basis of specific school history sources contains teaching goals which can be achieved by the most frequently used teaching methods. This model situation is suggested not only as a particular example of the application of teaching concepts, but also as a free area for playing the role of historian, teacher and student in the teaching of history. Period history textbooks were used as source material.

Viliam Kratochvíl
Analytické modely na výučbu dejín 20. storočia

Abstract: The study deals with teaching of history of the 20th century which is mostly described by history textbooks of interpretative type with a traditional emphasis on political history. Their secondary role is that of a means of transmission, i.e. transmission, remembering and reproducing the meaning, which is often considered to be the ultimate teaching goal. The analytical models presented here see these only as „springboard“ to an active creation of meanings, i.e. to apply acquired meanings further, to analyze, evaluate and create them in an activity, for example with a verbal, iconic and graphical text resulting from a range of school historical sources creating another layer of the interpretative text in the work part of the textbook. The study also provides examples of multiple or ambiguous interpretations of – not only – the 20th century history, which encourage and develop students? thinking and help them to develop a critical and cautious approach to interpreting the past. At the same time, such a construction of analytical models is closer to generally acceptable professional practice in historiography. In this sense, history textbooks should be understood as an important part of history literature, not as academic reading.

II. Recenze, anotace, zprávy

  • Maurice Halbwachs, Kolektivní paměť, Praha 2009 (Marek Fapšo)
  • Wolfgang Wippermann, Dämonisierung durch Vergleich: DDR und Drittes Reich, Berlin 2009 (Ondřej Táborský)
  • Marcin Filipowicz – Alena Zachová, Rod v memoárech. Případ Hradec Králové, Červený Kostelec 2009 (Jan Mareš)
  • Berlin im Nationalsozialismus. Jugendbegegnung zum Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (22.–27. ledna 2012) (Marta Škubalová – Vojtěch Pojar)
  • V Ostravě se už potřetí mluvilo. Postřehy z mezinárodní konference o výuce soudobých dějin „I mlčení je lež“ (Michal Macháček)

III. Seminář soudobých dějin ÚČD FF UK – diplomové práce (2002–2011)

  • Seznam diplomových prací obhájených v Semináři českých novověkých a Semináři soudobých dějin ÚČD FF UK v letech 2002–2011
  • Anotace diplomových prací obhájených v Semináři soudobých dějin ÚČD FF UK v letech 2006–2011